The product is also influenced by the quantity and quality of the reagents used, the reaction temperature, and the post-reaction mixture purification precision. The materials used for the synthesis are diverse in terms of flake size, defect density, and layering, making it difficult to fully control the obtained GO properties. Since GO is practically not found in nature, it is obtained by modified oxidation processes using any graphite source, such as structured layer graphite, expanded graphite, graphite rod electrodes, kish graphite, and graphite foils. When dispersed in polar solvents such as water, it can hydrolyze to form carboxylic acid groups or sulfate groups heavily modified with various chemicals, as described in the literature. GO is highly chemically active due to the partial coverage of its elemental planes and edges with various functional groups, mainly hydroxyl and epoxy, ketone, ester, organosulfur, and lactol structures in the dry state. Graphene oxide is considered a promising material for applications in many industries due to its excellent water processability, amphiphilicity, covalent and non-covalent surface functionalization, and ability to quench fluorescence. The discovery of graphene’s properties accelerated research on graphene oxide (GO), becoming an independent research area. While pure graphene has limited processability, its derivatives are more universal, and they inspire interdisciplinary research fields due to their broad applicability. The two-dimensional shape of graphene was expected to be harmless at mild concentrations and suitable for biomedical research.
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More recently, understanding graphene’s various chemical properties has facilitated its use in high-performance energy generation and storage devices.
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Graphene, a single graphite layer, is the common building element of other carbon structures and is valuable for technological purposes, mainly due to its excellent mechanical, electronic, and optical properties. Carbon allotropes are naturally occurring materials, and graphite has had no toxicity problems for hundreds of years. Therefore, we can assume that carbon materials are more environmentally friendly than inorganic materials. It is a raw material, energy source, and a component of all organisms. Changes in the cell biomarkers are discussed in light of detailed physicochemical analysis.Ĭarbon plays a crucial role in the environment.
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This study emphasizes the variability of the GO nature and complements the biocompatibility aspect, especially in the context of various GO-based experimental models. The physiological reactions of an easy model Acheta domesticus (cell viability, apoptosis, oxidative defense, DNA damage) during ten-day lasting exposure were observed. Each GO sample is analyzed in two concentrations and applied with food. This research aims to determine and compare the in vivo toxicity potential of GO samples from various manufacturers. When assessing the biocompatibility of GO, it is necessary to take into account many factors derived from nanoparticles (structure, morphology, chemical composition) and the organism (species, defense mechanisms, adaptation). The mechanism of GO interaction with the organism is hard to summarize due to its high chemical activity and variability during the synthesis process and in biological buffers’ environments. In this paper, graphene oxide is obtained by multiple synthesis methods and generally characterized. Interest in graphene oxide nature and potential applications (especially nanocarriers) has resulted in numerous studies, but the results do not lead to clear conclusions.